free research papers volcano

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Volcanoes Length: 373 words (1.1 double-spaced pages) Rating: Red (FREE)   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Volcanoes Volcanoes are holes or vents in the Earth’s crust, created when molten hot magma under the crust of the Earth is forced upward to the surface. Magma collects in a chamber beneath the crust, pressure builds up and forces it up through cracks or fissure and a conduit to the surface is created. Hot gases try to escape but are trapped in the magma. The surface of the Earth begins to bulge until the pressure can no longer be contained. Gases and fragments are released in a violent explosion called a volcanic eruption. A volcano can erupt many times in its lifetime. The material released over many eruptions gradually builds up a cone shaped mountain. In the center of the mountain is a vent called the central vent, there can be smaller side vents that come off of the central vent. In many volcanoes there is a bowl shaped crater at the top of the central vent. Under the volcano there is a large magma chamber where the magma is. The explosive power of a volcano depends on how much gas is trapped in the magma. When there is a lot of gas trapped in the magma the eruptions are more explosive, and when there is less gas the eruptions are less explosive. Magma oozes out of the volcano in the form of lava. The lava expelled from an erupting volcano settles on the sides of the volcanic mountain and cools forming a hard crust of brand spankin new earth. Depending on how much lava and tephra build up different types of volcanoes can be formed. There are three major types of volcanoes, cinder cone volcanoes, composite volcanoes, and shield volcanoes. Cinder cone volcanoes are small volcanic mountains made up exclusively of fragmented lava that erupts explosively and is made up of cinders. Cinder cones usually have a short life, that is.
An international research journal with focus on volcanic and geothermal processes and their impact on the environment and society.Submission of papers covering the following aspects of volcanology and geothermal research are encouraged:(1) Geological aspects of volcanic systems: volcano stratigraphy, structure and tectonic influence; eruptive history; evolution of volcanic landforms; eruption style and progress; dispersal patterns of lava and ash; analysis of real-time eruption observations.(2) Geochemical and petrological aspects of volcanic rocks: magma genesis and evolution; crystallization; volatile compositions, solubility, and degassing; volcanic petrography and textural analysis.(3) Hydrology, geochemistry and measurement of volcanic and hydrothermal fluids: volcanic gas emissions; fumaroles and springs; crater lakes; hydrothermal mineralization.(4) Geophysical aspects of volcanic systems: physical properties of volcanic rocks and magmas; heat flow studies; volcano seismology, geodesy and remote sensing.(5) Computational modeling and experimental simulation of magmatic and hydrothermal processes: eruption dynamics; magma transport and storage; plume dynamics and ash dispersal; lava flow dynamics; hydrothermal fluid flow; thermodynamics of aqueous fluids and melts.(6) Volcano hazard and risk research: hazard zonation methodology, development of forecasting tools; assessment techniques for vulnerability and impact. Hide full aims and scope.