essay on national movement in south india

General Hamza Alavi, ‘Ironies of History: Contradictions of the Khilafat Movement,’ Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 17, no. 1. J. Brown, Gandhi’s Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915-1922, Cambridge 1972. Detailed but dry history of Gandhi’s political activities 1915-22. Aravind Ganachari, ‘First World War: Purchasing Indian Loyalties: Imperial Policy of Recruitment and “Rewards”,’ Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.40, No.8, 19 February 2005. S. Jha, ‘Charka, ‘Dear Forgotten Friend’ of Widows: Reading the Erasure of a Symbol,’ Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 28, 10 July 2004. G. Krishna, ‘Development of Congress as a Mass Organization’, Journal of Asian Studies, 25:3, 1966. Shows how Gandhi changed the constitution and organisation of the Congress radically in 1920. K. Kumar (ed.), Congress and Classes. R. Kumar (ed.), Essays on Gandhian Politics: The Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919. Classic series of articles on the Rowlatt Satyagraha. R. Kumar, ‘Class, Community or Nation? Gandhi’s Quest for a Popular Consensus in India’, Modern Asian Studies, 1969, no.4. Also in R. Kumar, Essays in the Social History of Modern India  Gail Minault, The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilisation in India (1982) W. S. Nelson, ‘Non Violence and India’s Independence,’ in S. Mukherjee and S. Ramaswamy, Facets of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 1, Non Violence and Satyagraha, New Delhi 1996. S. Nijhawan, ‘Hindi Children’s Journals and Nationalist Discourse (1910-1930),’ Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 33, 14 August 2004. Hugh Owen, ‘Towards Nationwide Agitation and Organisation: the Home Rule Leagues 1915-18’, in D.A. Low, Soundings in Modern South Asian History. S. Sarkar, Modern India, pp.165-195 B. Stein, A History of India, chapter 7, ‘Towards Freedom’. P. Van Den Dungen, ‘Gandhi in 1919: Loyalist or Rebel?’ in R.
Imperial entities of India The term Indian Independence Movement encompasses activities and ideas aiming to end first East India Company rule (1757–1858), then the British Raj (1858–1947). The independence movement saw various national and regional campaigns, agitations and efforts, some nonviolent and some revolutionary. The first organized militant movements were in Bengal, but they later took to the political stage in the form of a mainstream movement in the then newly formed Indian National Congress (INC), with prominent moderate leaders seeking only their basic right to appear for Indian Civil Service examinations, as well as more rights, economic in nature, for the people of the soil. The early part of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards political independence proposed by leaders such as the Lal, Bal, Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh. The last stages of the independence struggle from the 1920s onwards saw Congress adopt Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi's policy of nonviolence and civil resistance, Muhammad Ali Jinnah's constitutional struggle for the rights of minorities in India, and several other campaigns. Revolutionaries such as Subhas Chandra Bose and Bhagat Singh preached armed revolution to achieve independence. Poets & writers such as Allama Iqbal, Mohammad Ali Jouhar, Rabindranath Tagore,Subramaniya Bharathi and Kazi Nazrul Islam used literature, poetry and speech as a tool for political awareness. Feminists such as Sarojini Naidu and Begum Rokeya championed the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in national politics. Babasaheb Ambedkar championed the cause of the disadvantaged sections of Indian society within the larger independence movement. The period of the Second World War saw the peak of the campaigns by the Quit India movement (led by Mahatma Gandhi) and the Indian National Army (INA) movement (led by Netaji Subhas Chandra.
  UNIT 10 INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT-1 Structure 10.0 Objectives10.1 Introduction10.2 1857: The First War of Independence10.2.1 Causes10 2.2 Extent and intensity10.2.3 Defeat10.3 EarIy Phase of Nationalisml0.3.1 Role of the Intellectuals10.3.2 Role of Colonial state10.3.3 Emergence of the Indian National Congress10.4 Moderate and Militant Nationalists10.4.1 Moderates Aims and Methods10.4.2 Militants Aims and Methods10.5 Swadeshi Movement10.6 Socio-Religious Reform and Cultural Renaissance10.6.1 Prominent Reformers: Issues and Views10.6.2 Their Approach10.6.3 Their Methods10.7 Let Us Sum Up10.8 Key Words10.9 Answers to Check Your Progress/ Exercises 10.0 OBJECTIVES  No major development of modern India can be explained and understood without a reference to the Indian National Movement. The Indian National Movement represented the Indian people's urge to be free from theforeign yoke. After reading this Unit you will: understand the upsurge of 1857 in all its dimensions, be aware of the factors which contributed to the emergence of Indian Nationalism, be able to explain the political objectives and the strategies of the early nationalist leadership,understand the differences of approach between the moderates and militant nationalists,   understand the Swadeshi Movement and its implications for the Indian NationalMovement, be able to identify the process of cultural renaissance, andknow about the various social reform movements during the 19th and early 20th` centuries. 10.1 INTRODUCTION In this Unit we introduce you to the various aspects of Indian National Movement during its earlier phase.Resistance to British rule had always been there, but it was in 1857 that large sections of Indian people invarious regions made a combined effort to overthrow the British. That is why it is often termed as the firstwar of independence. Due to certain weaknesses the uprising was.